Styles and conventions of music videos

CONVENTIONS :-
There are a lot of different things you would expect to see in certain music video genres, e.g. in RnB, you would expect to see elements in the videos, that would prove it to be RnB. 
RnB would;
- have elements of Hip Hop soul,
- give the feel of intimacy,
- have an effect on the way youths think and act.
Example of RnB artists are;
- Mary J Blige,
- Usher,
- Alicia Keys,
- Mariah Carey...
Things you would expect to see in an RnB video;
- You would usually see the artist themselves in the video, singing, dancing, acting...
- You would see the instruments, usually pianos; Usher- confessions, Alicia Keys- fallin'
- You would usually have some sort of back up dancers, with routine,
- The settings would be calm, sophisticated glamour houses, rooms, clubs..
- The video would include special effects, e.g. OMG- Usher and Just Fine- Mary J Blige.

STYLES :-

As-live/ in-concert...

There are other elements that would be seen in a music video, such as a performance. Some music videos however don't have the real performance, they create their own. This is called in concert or as-live. This would be effective as it shows what kind of music they play or what each member does and it creates that exciting feel you get when your at a concert.

There would usually be;
- A dance routine involved,
- Microphones, such as sweet child of mine. >>
- May not be on a stage, might be in a club or bar.
- The concert may also link with the narrative of the song.

Narrative...

Most music videos usually have a narrative involved, where the song tells a story, or even the video. Sometimes the narrative of the video doesn't always match the narrative of the song but most of the time it does.

Ed Sheeran - Lego House is a good example of this as even though the lyrics don't match what is happening in the video, the video is a clear example of a story, a boy that is a big fan of Ed Sheeran and tries to be him. 


We don't see Ed Sheeran until the very end, and sometimes the artist isn't shown in their videos, some appear once or twice, maybe not to perform but to be a part of the story line like in 'The A Team'. This is an effective music video technique as the speed and pace of the music video goes with the pace of the song, even though the lyrics might not match. 

Interpretative

  - A video that interprets the visuals directly into a story that matches the video, meaning what you see in the video would be what you hear in the lyrics, making it very obvious.

  - Most videos that do this are spoofs of other videos usually to take the mick, but some videos do this seriously.
  - But some videos do replies to ones, like 'Puke in my mouth' was a reply to 'Jizz in my pants'.


  - This is a good example of interpretative music videos as when she says, "I opened the fridge and a fruit rolled out"... in the video, she opened the fridge... and a fruit rolled out.

 - This creates an amusing effect on the viewers, makes people laugh, want to view their other videos and it automatically tells the audience what the artists/spoofers are like.

Surrealism / Abstract

  - These are works that feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur.

  - Juxtapositions - Two things together that don't work but create an effect on the audience; like a granny break dancing.
  - Non sequitur - utter nonsense with no sequence but still has an effect on the audience.
  - Another example of this would be Nicki Minaj - Super Bass. The song is about her heart beat whenever she sees this person, but the video has a lot of elements that don't suit the lyrics.


Such as;
  - A pink plane, car and pool are shown,  
  - Her riding an ice motor bike,
  - Her puring pink liquids over a boy in a pool,
  - Giving lap dances in the dark..
All of which don't show any relevance to what she is saying, its all a bit random.

Impressionist

Imagery that matches the mood and pace of the song but not necessarily the lyrics.

  - Examples of this with slow songs would be videos like The A Team by Ed Sheeran and Man in the Mirror by Michael Jackson. Both are slow and match the beat of the song, it works well with slow songs better than fast songs.

 

  - Examples of this with fast songs would be videos like Moves like Jagger by Maroon 5 and Whip my Hair by Willow Smith. Both videos have a lot of cuts and a lot of colour especially in Whip my Hair.

 

  - In the video Journey To The Past by Aaliyah is also a good example of this as there aren't many cuts and there are images and movements like slow walking and close ups of peoples faces that link and connect with the mood of the song.

Animation (Stop motion and digital)

  - Some videos combine digital animation with real life like Anastasia - Journey to the past with Aaliyah; where they do the same pose from the video, as if they are there next to each other. >>


  - Some videos are all animation like The Gorillas.

  - Digital animation works well in videos as well as films and/ or TV adverts/shows like the Toyota Yaris advert with the dancing digital man, this allows the creators to allow these animated people to do things real people couldn't, e.g. sit on the air freshener in a car.


  -  Stop motion is where the artist/creator takes separate photos and then puts them all together to create a stop motion animation.

  - I have created a stop motion animation for an opening sequence in media last year, and it does take along time.


  - It i hard and to create that in a whole 4 minute song would take a long time, but the outcome is very effective and makes the video memorable to the audience.

Intertextuality

This is when one media text refers to another, e.g. by remaking them or copying them or using the same or similar ideas.
  - The Simpson's does this a lot, as well as most animated TV shows, Like Family guy.
  - Family guy does this too when the copy and remake there version of Star Wars.


  - This gives again an amusing effect on the audience and also promotes the film/video/TV show they are copying.


  - Also depending on how what films they take the ideas from, it would have an emotional effect on the audience.

  - Even if you don't know where the ideas are from, e.g. if you didn't know the films, the song/advert/video could still be as effective.

  - Intertextuality is like a short cut meaning, it uses peoples understanding of media texts to create new meanings.

Different types of intertextuality.

5.1... Parody

Where a video is remade but to take the mick and be funny. A lot of people do this, like the remake to I kissed a girl by Katy Perry, a lot of parodies have been made for this, an example being - I kissed your nan.


  - The beginning is the same, on the bed in the same position, but obviously it is to make fun of the video so alot of elements have been changed.

5.2... Pastiche/Homage

This is the imitation of a texts feature by another text.

  - It could have the same or similar styles,
  - Or even be a copy of the original.
  - Sometimes pastiche copies the style from a period of time.
  - A pastiche is almost the same a parody, except parodies copy as a joke and pastiches are more serious. Like Keri Hilson - Pretty Girl Rock, which takes dances and scenes from a lot of other music videos. In the image below, she takes the dances and the idea of dancing in pyjamas, and the hair styles from TLC - creep.

5.3... Referencing

  - Where the The song relates to a film, but this is ONLY when the song is actually in the film, such as Wild Wild West by will Smith, from the film Wild Wild West.

 - Another example of this would Whats Love Got TO Do With It by Tina Turner, from the film whats Love got To Do With It.

Music Video Outlets

There are a lot of ways to view music videos, but each has there upsides and downsides...


Mainstream Television;
  - They are free for the the audience, and everyone can access it,
  - The programmes they are shown on get more views, and adverts too, 
  - They attract a lot of different audiences, children, adults, teens...
However, 
  - Mainstream TV doesn't show many videos, so less chance of the song you like coming on, 
  - There aren't many music channels, so the ones that are on there, people may not like that specific genre, 
  - The songs that are shown may annoy the audience, and you would usually have to wait a while for a certain song/genre to appear.


Music Channels;
  - They show a lot of different artists connected to the same genre of music, 
  - When songs are released they are usually on channels straight away
  - Certain channels have certain genres, such as MTV usually shows RnB..
  - Some music channels also show future releases which is good as you can get future info to new songs you may like
But,
  - You can't replay the videos from the TV, 
  - Some songs/videos are overplayed and this may annoy the audience,
  - People might not be able to afford the channels,
  - The song/video you like could take ages to come up.


Direct CD/DVD specials;
  - You would get to see backstage footage not shown on TV,
  - The audience can the video anytime they want, as its on the CD/DVD,
  - They are usually good quality and tangible.
On the other hand,
  - Not everyone will be willing to buy the CD/DVD when they could get the video for free online, 
  - Some DVDs/CDs only have one song and this may not be the song you like, 
  - The CD/DVD doesn't come out until weeks/months after the song is released.


Artist Websites;
  - The artists get a lot of views and people rate the videos so you can see how good other people think it is,
  - When you sign up to the website, you get news on new songs and/or concerts,
  - Some artists websites sell other products such as JLS sold hoodies and concert tickets from the website,
  - The website frequently uploads on upcoming concerts and gigs.
Though,
  - The websites are limited to certain audiences, 
  - Sometimes they block sharing, you cant show other people, 
  - People can make fake websites pretending to be an artist when they're not.


Streaming Websites (e.g. YouTube/Facebook);
  - You can see unknown artists from suggestions to signed artists, 
  - You are allowed to share the videos most of the the time onto other websites such as Facebook or Twitter, 
  - You can watch a video as many times as you want,
Be that as it may,
  - Sometimes its legal/illegal and it gets confusing, 
  - The website loses profit when people download for free,
  - Some people get annoyed, if they are impatient, at the video, as it may take a while to buffer or if it has ads.


Downloads (legal and illegal);
  - There usually free,
  - They are very easy to access,
  - There are sometimes download charts so you can see which is the best download type, 
Yet,
  - The artists don't get any money from it, 
  - You can face prosecution if you do it too much. (fined)
  - Some download sites give viruses and they take up a lot of memory.

Purpose of a music video

There are many reasons for the purpose of a music video like;
    - to make money mainly,
    - to give the lyrics an image,
    - to give the artist an image,
    - or to promote another brand, e.g. coca cola.
But there are five main ones...

1) To promote a new music release, a new album/single or even an artist, almost like an advert for that song.
Promoting a video is letting more and more people know what it is, the person who sings it, the artists/brands in the music video, and this gets spread, maybe even worldwide.. and allows the artist to get more fame and favourability from just a video.

E.g. if the artist is unknown, the video might be spread, not just across the country, but accros the world, e.g people who sing on youtube, they are not knownm worldwide but the video they put up can be spread and get them recognised, like the image below;

<Youtube has shown where in the world this video has become most popular, the person started the video in the UK and it has spread vastly around Australia, and America.






2) To create  a visual representation of the artist. 
This means allowing the audience to know what the artist looks like and from the music video, you could see what the artists personality or genre of music is. 


E.g. the video allows the artist to be seen whilst no performing, and the audience sees there energy and values of the artist including the styles. The video could also allow the artist to reinvent themselves, e.g. Eminem who went from being jokey to being serious. 
The music video could also be a way of passing on a message/meaning to the audience. Telling them what they dislike or protest against; like 30 seconds to mars - This is war.

<From the video people comment on what they think, the comment directly below says that peace isn't hear anymore and we should be grateful we aren't in the middle of it and stuff. 
So it proves people are effected and/or influenced by the videos.


















3) To extent the playability of a sing and provide addition income.
E.g; the song stays out for longer, on music channels and YouTube, so they get royal payment. Also on the link to the video, the artist would get more views as more of their videos would appear on the suggestions.


The video may also allow for DVD releases and appear on them, such as the theme tune for Friends.

<This is the music video for The rememberants for the Friends theme tune, as you can see, it has the Friends characters in it, so you can repeatedly listen to this song, with out downloading it, as well as buying the DVD set. But there is a down side, being the only song on the DVD is this one.






4) To create a synergy with other media sources, such as films or TV show.
This could be to allow the audience to know of a film from watching the video. most videos do this, especially the singles from X-Factor winners, they also promote the show as well as the artist. 


An example of this would be Linkin Park - New Divide, from the film Transformers.

 ^The screen grabs from the Linkin Park video, have the transformers in it,, and some footage, showing that this song was in the film. This happens in other music videos and it not only promotes the song but the film to as if people haven't seen the film they would know about it through the video and vise versa,

5) The video could be to be at their own right, 
Meaning they are very memorable to watch because of the way they have been created, such as the new technology they have, such as green screens and special effects. 


Most videos are memorable because they create enigmas or narratives. An example of enigmas would be one such as Radiohead - Just, as it creates mystery, as you don't know the answer but it gets people talking about it.
Narrative example would be ones like Usher - Confessions, which have two separate songs but with a continuing video.

^These are two screen grabs from Confessions 1 and 2, and the first video carries on to the second, but in this case unlike other songs, the same situation is being carried on with the lyrics as well.

Good and Bad music video techniques.

-Large number of cuts-

^This is a good example of large number of cuts, not only is there a range of cuts/transitions but there is a constant speed and this keeps the audience involved with the video. Where as the video below has very few shots, and they are all of the same person in the same room, doing pretty much the same thing, although the pace of editing goes with the slowness of the song, this wouldn't really keep the audience interested as there is no "story" going on.

-Special effects-

^This is a good example of special effects, they go in time with the music and they are well done, not just the titles of words coming up, but the effect of an old movie over the screen, the black and white and the overlayed images of Keri Hilson. However, the cideo below is a bad example of special effects, you can tell its fake and not only if you have special effects do they have to look real, but the acting has to look realistic too, and the actors didnt make it believable.


-Cutting to the beat-

Konichiwa B*tches is a good example I think of cutting to the beat because when the drumb beat comes, the clip changes and also there is stop motion in there and it goes with the music, when it freeze frames and almost skips itself. However, because Pon de Replay is such an upbeat song, the editing should be in time otherwise, it puts the viewers off the video and makes them ocused and lose their concentration, The video below is abad example of cutting to the beat.



-Varied camera language-

This is a goof example of varied camera language, (above) as throughout the video, the angles and shots change in the video, this also keeps the audience interested unlike the video below where its exactly the same the whole way through. There is a variety of movement in the first video whereas in the Modern Family Opening, thy are in the same stage, in the same positions, holding the same frame.


-Green screen-

The Chiddy Bang video uses green screen when they murge the giant heads onto the little bodies. This is very un-noticable and they've made it in time with the music as well. This workd well unlike the Weather man below who wears a freen tie on the creen screen and iturns his tie invidible. This is bad as a rule with green screen is don't wear the same colour as the screen and this makes it look really bad.



-Lip-synching-

The video of the disaster movie, is the characters lip-synching to the words and it links and flows and it looks like they are actually singing the song, where as the boy below is out of time and it looks really bad, it helps to know the words so it flows and doesn't look bad. Lip-synching is hard unless your confident.

Evaluation of promotional video.

The aim..    
We were asked to create a promotional video for the Redbridge Music Lounge in Ilford. We had to make sure our video told the viewers what the music lounge did, who it was aimed at, when and where it was located and what kind of music they played. We tried to make the video as clear as possible, making sure not only was it informative but it was entertaining and made the viewers want to join, or at least have a look into it. The group is aimed at retired or people who have been made redundant who might feel welcome or just normal everyday people. 

Purpose?
- Entice the audience to want to join,
- To show them that anyone can create their dream, as said in the interview,
- Anyone of all ages can come and have fun, whether your retired, in school, on leave...
The formation of the group also shows the closeness and the success of the community. 
- It would be spread all over for people to see, and think about coming for a taster lesson or maybe sending a relative to join. 
The Redbridge music lounge play music and help the disabled such as;
- The Breathe Easy Clinic, 
- The Mental Health Event,
- Help for Heroes,
- One World week concert...
So this could give people an idea to join then or do the same, helping out at a charity.

Pre-Production..

   During the pre-production section of our work, we looked at some previous footage of the Redbridge Music Lounge at work, we went on a temporary website to see what kind of work they have already done, we also went and had a talk with Chris, the founder of the Music Lounge, who gave us a lot of information, e.g. their schedules, Chris' business card, leaflets and handouts. 


The image to the right was the Redbridge Music Lounge at the Breathe Easy Clinic. 


   Before we went out and started filming, we took a look at the footage Chris had given us and we decided as a group how much stuff out of that we would use. In the end we ended up using more than we had planned and I think this worked out well considering our video was only about 3-4 minutes long. 


   However, there were a lot of problems we faced during just the pre-production and this was when we were transferring the footage from one file to the other, it took a long while and this cut down our editing time and planning time, and we had trouble with the planning itself, sorting out the order and how we would manage to film each scene, and also what questions we would be asking the people there, for interviews. 

The Production itself..    
For the production stage, we travelled to the Ilford Sports Club, which was where the Redbridge Music Lounge was being held, during our media lesson, we took a camera and a tripod and we had told Chris in advanced so he was ready for us, he had everything set up and had all the usual people round ready to perform. We had taken some shots of everyone playing and there were a few nice shots of the guitars and the keyboards. We had decided to film zooming in and out of the keyboards and merge it in with the logo, which was a piano. This was hard to at first as the keyboard didn't arrive until half way through, but we took a lot of extra shots to make sure we had more than enough to choose from. We had also filmed the outside of the Ilford sports Club, twice, once just walking through to show where they were playing and the second time with Mahdi walking in front of the camera. We used only one part of this, however, because it was a bit random, but we kept the part of the sign above the door.

Post-Production..
The post-production stage was the hardest because we had trouble with the sound and whenever we would put in another clip, the sound below went out on sync and it took a while to match it up. We had added special effects such captions of the names of the person on screen during the interview and the question we were asking, and at the end, over the image of the piano, we created a sparkle of gold over the top. After a week or two, Maddie came in and took a look at our video. She gave her opinion and told us what we could add or take out. So after she left we had looked back on our work and took out some of the footage and added more of the different places they went to, we had made the questions appear for longer on screen and replaced all the music at the front so it flowed.

Strengths and Weaknesses..
Our strengths;
 - Pre-Production - 

•  We all had roughly the same ideas about the order of filming when we had planned it out,
• We had most of the information to get everything sorted,
• The talk with Chris had helped a lot with the leaflets he gave us, we were able to sort out a date very quickly,
• We had no trouble getting to them.

- Production - 

• We knew everything we wanted to film so we got straight into that,
• We were able to get more interviews than we had expected, so more to choose from when editing,
• We had got a lot of different shot angles and types which was good for the video,
• we didn't have to film as much as we thought because of the footage Chris had already sent us.

- Post-Production - 

• Creating the titles were quick and easy and we all agreed on the fonts and colours,
• We enjoyed editing the footage was good, meaning we could get it done quickly,
• We took in the criticism well, which meant there were no panics. 
• We worked pretty well as a team overall, we got along which helped with everything and made it a lot easier to get the work done on time.

Our weaknesses;
- Pre-Production - 

• When we originally searched for them on the internet, we couldn't find their page so we got a bit confused,
• We didn't understand the task so planning it out at first was tricky,
• Setting out the order for everything, knowing what we needed to film was confusing.

- Production - 

• We couldn't get all the footage we needed, as the keyboard was late so we waited a while not filming,
• We had trouble with the tripod in the small spaces during the interviews.
• During the interviews, there was too much speech.

- Post-Production -

• We had too little footage in the end so we ran out of things to put in the video.
• When we added footage and too things out the music was out on synch and took a while to figure it all out.
• Transfering the given footage onto our iMovie file took a long time and this cut down our editing time.

I feel out of what we had, and the time we had to do it in, I am proud of we did, and I feel we met all the aims and it brings across what we had to do. Aswell as the fact that all three of us work well as a team, this helped overcome the weakesses. I also feel that with the footage, we used some similar, if not the same, so this keeps its remeberable, especially of the one woman singing, as that song plays through most of the second interview.

Coperate video we made for Redbridge music Lounge.

Music Video Job Roles

There are different jobs that people have to create a music video. Each job entitles a number of responsibilities.

Camera Operator

This job is a senior role within a TV camera department. The camera operator needs advanced technical skills, such as; the ability to carry out instructions with great accuracy and attention to detail, have mathmatical ability to calculate shots and camera moves with precision and speed, they must also know how to use a camera correctly, they must have in-depth knowledge of the relevent electronics, good IT skills, excellent communication, interpersonal and diplomatic skills, good colour vision and hand-eye co-ordination, physical stamina for working long hours and moving heavy equiptment and the knwledge of the requirements of the relevent Heath and Safety legislation and procedures, they must also know how to operate the camera and they usually work on a freelance basis, and work for 12-14 hours a day. Camera operators have high expectation as they are controlling the cameras and there for are filming every piece of footage and can not screw up or lose focus.

Duties;
- Be on time to set, with all the correct camera equiptment.
- Make sure they know the script and all the right camera movents.
Qualities;
- They must be enthusiastic to work for so long.
- Have the right mind set, e.g. being posistive about the work.
- To have the confidence to work with the equiptment without doubt of getting it wrong.



Camera Assistant

The camera assistants support the members of the camera department. They undergo an important apprenticeship. General assistants provide the typical support and help needed in the department where as more senior assistants provide and carry out more advanced roles such as taking over if the camera man is down. Because of this, the camera assistants must have alot of skills as well; the ability to take direction and carry out instructions with alot of attention to the detail given, have the ability to work hard under pressure and with a short time gap, and in strssful situations, they also must have good IT skills and also have the knowledge of the relevent electronics. the camera assistants must as well have physical stamina for following the camera operator and if need, taking over the camera. They have to follow simple tasks like collecting camera equiptment from a hire company and/or delivering message to the productions office. The camera assistants also have the important role of emptying and reloading the film rolls, if this went wrong, he movie/tv series wouldn't get to the right places.

Duties;
- The camera assistants must have all the work up to date, being the assistant.
- They must keep up to the deadlines of their work.
- They must make sure they are responsible enough to take on tasks given by the operator
Qualities;
- They must have the quality to operate the camera, knowing all the movements.
- Good communication.
- Have the determination to work hard.





Art Director
The art directors job is to work on the feature films, commercials and some types of television productions. On featur films they act as project managers for art departments. Art directors are usually appointed by the production designer and are responsible for the assistant art director, graphic designers, storyboard artists and so on.. Just like the camera operator and assistants the art director has to have skills as well. They must be able to have perspective and technical drawing skills and the ability to free-hand draw, also they must have good hand eye co-ordination and good decorative skills, a good sense of time and place, think visually and lead a team. The art director works long hours and has the ability to edit the the films and design al the openeing sequences and little edits and graphics withn the movie.

Duties;
- They must have the best standard of work possible for creating the right mood on the set.
- They must also have all the correct equiptment to do so.
- They must be responsible as well for controlling the equiptment on and off set.
Qualities;
- They must have tha ability to work with the computer equiptment
- They must also be able to take constructive critisism well about his/her work.
- They must be passionate about what they do, to get the best they can do.







Makeup and Hair Artist
The make up and hair artist are the people who give the actors their look. They work on the feature films and in TV and commercials, pop promos, coperate productions.. and they have to have the experience to use a wide range of professional mae-up and hair products. They use alot of elements such as wax and fake blood or eyelashes and other things to create the desired illusion. some of the key skills make-up artista need are atraight corrective, ageing a face, contouring effects and some specialised techniques such as tattoos and body-painting. Hair artists need to be able to cut, wave, apply extentions, braid and shave proffesionally, while also being able to aply facial hair or scares and wounds. beside these skills both artists need the ability to have good presentation skills, excelent organisation skills and more, just like the other workers.

Duties;
- They must have the best standard of work for creating the correct images for the actors
-They must also have all the right equiptment for the hair and make-up.
Qualities;
- Both the hair and make-up artists must be able to create brilliant pieces of work in short amounts of time to be able to keep to the deadlines.
- They must also be passionate about their work.
- And they must have the confidence to make the right costume hair and face.











Lighting Director
The lighting directors job is to set up all the lights and make sure there are no remainig shadows on set and making sure the right colours are on set at the right time, dimming and flashes. The lighting director is the most senior role in television lighting departments. They use their advanced technical skills to realise the design and, with the help of the rest of the lighting department, to set up and operate specialised lights and accessories. They make extensive preparations before the recording days, including script reading and taking part in the discussions about the style required. They too need skills such as the ability to concentrate for long periods of time, pay attention to detail, good common sense and a logical approach to problem-solving, they nee to have quick thinking and the ability to plan ahead effectively, to take and give direction and to be a team player, and they must have good colour vision and physical and mental stamina for working long hours.

 Duties;
- The lighting director must be on time/early to set up all the lights and make sure evrything is in place
- They must also make sure they are responsible and sensible on set to make sure nothing goes wrong.
Qualities;
- Have the determination and the confidence to work with high-tech equiptment.
- Have the enthusiasm to work for long hours.- They must know how to change the lights and colours on set in short amounts of time.



GafferThe gaffer is another word for electrician and they make sure all leads are hooked up and working well, they must report to the lighting director about everything, almost like an assistant. They work on all genres of TV programming, including multi-camera and single camera shoots, in studios, outside broadcasts and on locations. During pre-production, gaffers lialise closely with relevent heads of department, discussing all lighting aspects of the production, including crewing and equiptment requirements, shooting dates and durations, etc. All members of the lighting team must have deep knowledge of, and sympathy with, what is required and what can be achieved in terms of lighting each production. They need to have a wide knowledge of television lighting and associated equiptment, the knwledge of electrical theory and practise, excelent IT skills, the adaptability and resoursefulness before and during the production process, a logical and fast aproach to problem solving, have to be patient and have self-discipline.

Duties;
- They must be on time with the correct electrical equiptment.
- They must also have the right behaviour on set, as they work with alot of wires.
Qualities;
- They must be determined to work harder depending on the type of set and the lighting needed.
- They must know how to deal with such elecrical equiptment and how to deal with a spark or a break within a wire.
- They must have the qualifications to deal with light wires that are constantly in use.


Executive Producer
Executive producers are responsible for the overall quality and control of productions, and for ensuring that final products conform to commissioners' specifications. They apart of the team who are responsible for selecting marketable projects and ensuring that everystep is taken to guarantee success in the market. They have to have highly negotiating skills, excellent verbal and written communication skills, excellent presentation, pitching and marketing abilities, advanced analytic skills and precise attention to detail. They must also have initiative and problem solving skills, effective leadership skills and the diplomacy and sensativity when dealing with partner organisations and colleages. Althought mo specific education or training qualifications are required for the role of executive producer, a degree in a media related or specialist subject may provide some useful background knowledge.

Duties;
- They must be on time, and on the set all the time, as the executive producer.
- They must know how everything roles and make sure everything is on track.
Qualities;
- They must have good communication skills to talk to people and make sure evrything is good on set.
- They must be able to keep calm in tough situations.
- They must also have the confidents to be responsible for everyhting.






Production Manager
The production managers work across all genres in television production including documentries, current affairs, light entertainment or children's programmes, situation comedies, soaps or serial dramas, or one off dramas. They are responsible for all the organisational aspects of production scheduling and budgeting. They assist producers to interpret and realise the directors' vision, both financially and logistically. Production managers may be employed by production companies or broadcasters, or work on a freelance basis. The production manager has to have initative and problem solving skills, diplomacy and sensitivity, resourcefulness and the ability to troubleshoot, advanced analytical skills, bugeting and financial skills. As an important person, they must have the understanding of the heath and safety and must have very good verbal and written communiction skills.

Duties;
- They must have the correct equiptment with them
- They must know how the movie/ TV show is going to turn out and everyones roles for the main aspects of the show.
Qualities;
- They must have good communication skills as well.
- They must be determined to learn each day and have the possitive attitude to want to do the job.





Location Manager
Location Managers work on television drama, drama-documentaries and continuing drama productions. They research and assess suitable locations, negotiate contracts and payments, and present their findings to Producers and other decision makers.  They oversee all logistical aspects of the location during shooting. The hours are long, and they may be required to spend considerable periods working away from base.  They usually work on a freelance basis.Location Managers must identify, from scripts and from discussions with Directors, Designers or other Heads of Department, the number, types and sequence of locations required for productions. They identify and use appropriate sources of information to research different locations, and arrange reconnaissance visits to assess their suitability. They must have accurate sense of direction and ability, excellent organisation skills, highly developed negotiation skills, all to get his/her work done on time.

Duties;
- They must turn up with the correct information. they can't be tardy.
Qualities; 

- They must be able to communicate well to talk to the different roles.

- They must also be determined to take on such a high role in the department.



Director
In television the directors have the biggest part, they are the most senior people, making sure everything is done and evryone is in place, all by a particular deadline.
In television Directors work across all genres, including news, sport, documentaries, current affairs, light entertainment, children's programmes, situation comedies, soaps or serial dramas, or one-off dramas. These programmes may be either transmitted live, recorded as live, or pre-recorded in any multi camera environment in studios or during Outside Broadcasts, or shot on single or multi camera film or tape shoots and edited in post production. The director need pretty much the same skills as everyone else, think visually, communication, financial skills, the ability to see the broader picture and to co-ordinate effectively. And the director has the hardest job, ensuring everything is in place and working well. 

Duties;

- they must be on time knowing the whole script 

- they must have all the right equipment

- the must be on time.

Qualities;

- having the most senior role, they must be very determined to work and be enthusiastic about his/her work

- they must have very good communication skills to talk to everyone on set including actors.

As a conclusion, the qualities, duties and skills are very important to jobs roles as they help make the joob what it is and help the people doing the job, as they wont struggle with all the correct skills and qualities.